Context
The normal form isolates a substantial but narrow family of formulas with three additions. It is designed to retain factored construction costs while exposing exponential Diophantine structure.
Hypotheses and scope
- Every displayed operand is a positive power of 2 times a nonnegative power of 3.
- There is no reuse, subtraction, or division in the represented formula.
Proof or evidence
Common factors of either inner pair can be transferred to A without increasing cost, and the common exterior power of two can be transferred to M with a strict saving unless the inner equation is primitive.
Verification notes
The proof explicitly retains unit-operand charges, the principal place where a formal normalization can silently change the cost.
Limitations
- The normal form does not cover arbitrary expression trees with three or more additions.
- Smooth displayed costs are construction costs, not separate claims of optimal integer complexity.