Boundary theorem · published-hardness parameter extraction

FPRD-SH-B11

Trace counting is #P-complete at independence-cover number one

Exact statement

With the slice length encoded in unary, exact counting of the Mazurkiewicz traces meeting a length slice of a DFA language is #P\#\mathrm P-complete even for the fixed independence graph with the single edge aIba\mathrel{\mathbb I}b. Thus the graph has vertex-cover number one, width two, maximum degree one, and matching number one. The hardness persists although every accepted reduction word has exactly one occurrence of the chosen cover letter. At cover number zero, traces are words and DFA length-slice counting is polynomial.

StatusPublished parsimonious reduction; parameter corollary checked directly
External reviewThe underlying parsimonious reduction was peer reviewed at POPL 2026; the vertex-cover extraction has no separate external review.

Context

A one-edge independence graph permits only one action type to cross the cover, yet repeated dependent letters give that occurrence unbounded positional mobility.

Proof or evidence

The published reduction uses the position of one b among repeated a letters to select a DNF term; all these words are presentations of one trace.

Verification notes

Four thousand deterministic DNF-pattern controls reproduce the one-edge, one-cover-letter boundary; the public checker and canonical output are linked from the result page.

Limitations

  • This is not a new hardness reduction.
  • The corollary rules out FPT in the cover number alone unless FP equals #P; it does not rule out a combined parameter.

Open work

Do not seek an FPT algorithm from an alphabet-only cover; also control the sequential presentation orbit exposed to the DFA.